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principle of detailed balancing वाक्य

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  • The principle of detailed balance was explicitly introduced for collisions by Ludwig Boltzmann.
  • Nevertheless, the principle of detailed balance is not necessary for entropy growth.
  • In 1901, Rudolf Wegscheider introduced the principle of detailed balance for chemical kinetics.
  • Lorentz stated that the principle of detailed balance is not applicable to collisions of polyatomic molecules.
  • Thus, the principle of detailed balance is a sufficient but not necessary condition for entropy increase in Boltzmann kinetics.
  • The principle of detailed balance says that in thermodynamic equilibrium every elementary process works equally in its forward and backward sense.
  • Albert Einstein in 1916 used the principle of detailed balance in a background for his quantum theory of emission and absorption of radiation.
  • Five years before Boltzmann, James Clerk Maxwell used the principle of detailed balance for gas kinetics with the reference to the principle of sufficient reason.
  • Now, the principle of detailed balance is a standard part of the university courses in statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, chemical and physical kinetics.
  • In 1981, Carlo Cercignani and Maria Lampis proved that the Lorentz arguments were wrong and the principle of detailed balance is valid for polyatomic molecules.
  • If the Hamiltonian is time-independent, { U ( t ) } form a semigroup ); this gives rise to the physical principle of detailed balance.
  • In physical and chemical kinetics, T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic equations implies two important laws : the principle of detailed balance and the Onsager reciprocal relations.
  • In physics and chemistry, there are two main macroscopic consequences of the time-reversibility of microscopic dynamics : the principle of detailed balance and the Onsager reciprocal relations.
  • These relations between the principle of detailed balance and the second law of thermodynamics were clarified in 1887 when Hendrik Lorentz objected to the Boltzmann H-theorem for polyatomic gases.
  • For example, in the linear irreversible cycle A1-> A2-> A3-> A1, entropy production is positive but the principle of detailed balance does not hold.
  • The Wegscheider conditions demonstrate that whereas the principle of detailed balance states a local property of equilibrium, it implies the relations between the kinetic constants that are valid for all states far from equilibrium.
  • The extended principle of detailed balance gives an ultimate and complete answer to the following problem : " How to throw away some reverse reactions without violation of thermodynamics and microscopic reversibility ?"
  • When the atoms and the radiation field are in equilibrium, the radiance will be given by Planck's law and, by the principle of detailed balance, the sum of these rates must be zero:
  • In particular, he demonstrated that the irreversible cycles A1-> A2-> \ cdots-> A _ \ mathit { n }-> A1 are impossible and found explicitly the relations between kinetic constants that follow from the principle of detailed balance.
  • Roughly speaking, this property, also called the principle of detailed balance, means that the probabilities to traverse a given path in one direction or in the other have a very simple connection between them ( if the graph is regular, they are just equal ).
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